Accessing apps

There are two major categories of services in Kubernetes:

• NodePort
• LoadBalancer

minikube supports either. Read on!

NodePort access

A NodePort service is the most basic way to get external traffic directly to your service. NodePort, as the name implies, opens a specific port, and any traffic that is sent to this port is forwarded to the service.

Getting the NodePort using the service command

We also have a shortcut for fetching the minikube IP and a service’s NodePort:

minikube service <service-name> --url

Using minikube service with tunnel

The network is limited if using the Docker driver on Darwin, Windows, or WSL, and the Node IP is not reachable directly.

Running minikube on Linux with the Docker driver will result in no tunnel being created.

Services of type NodePort can be exposed via the minikube service <service-name> --url command. It must be run in a separate terminal window to keep the tunnel open. Ctrl-C in the terminal can be used to terminate the process at which time the network routes will be cleaned up.

Example of NodePort

1. Create a Kubernetes deployment

   kubectl create deployment hello-minikube1 --image=kicbase/echo-server:1.0
   

2. Create a Kubernetes service type NodePort

   kubectl expose deployment hello-minikube1 --type=NodePort --port=8080
   

3. Check Node Port

   $ kubectl get svc
   NAME              TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
   hello-minikube1   NodePort    10.100.238.34   <none>        8080:31389/TCP   3s
   

4. Run service tunnel

   minikube service hello-minikube1 --url
   

   minikube service hello-minikube1 --url runs as a process, creating a tunnel to the cluster. The command exposes the service directly to any program running on the host operating system.

   service output example

    $ minikube service hello-minikube1 --url
    http://127.0.0.1:57123
    ❗  Because you are using a Docker driver on darwin, the terminal needs to be open to run it.
    

   Check ssh tunnel in another terminal

   $ ps -ef | grep docker@127.0.0.1
   ssh -o UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -N docker@127.0.0.1 -p 55972 -i /Users/FOO/.minikube/machines/minikube/id_rsa -L TUNNEL_PORT:CLUSTER_IP:TARGET_PORT
   

5. Try in your browser

   Open in your browser (ensure there is no proxy set)

   http://127.0.0.1:TUNNEL_PORT
   

Getting the NodePort using kubectl

The minikube VM is exposed to the host system via a host-only IP address, that can be obtained with the minikube ip command. Any services of type NodePort can be accessed over that IP address, on the NodePort.

To determine the NodePort for your service, you can use a kubectl command like this (note that nodePort begins with lowercase n in JSON output):

kubectl get service <service-name> --output='jsonpath="{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}"'

Increasing the NodePort range

By default, minikube only exposes ports 30000-32767. If this does not work for you, you can adjust the range by using:

minikube start --extra-config=apiserver.service-node-port-range=1-65535

This flag also accepts a comma separated list of ports and port ranges.

LoadBalancer access

A LoadBalancer service is the standard way to expose a service to the internet. With this method, each service gets its own IP address.

Using minikube tunnel

Services of type LoadBalancer can be exposed via the minikube tunnel command. It must be run in a separate terminal window to keep the LoadBalancer running. Ctrl-C in the terminal can be used to terminate the process at which time the network routes will be cleaned up.

Example of LoadBalancer

1. Run the tunnel in a separate terminal

   It will ask for a password.

   minikube tunnel
   

   minikube tunnel runs as a process, creating a network route on the host to the service CIDR of the cluster using the cluster’s IP address as a gateway. The tunnel command exposes the external IP directly to any program running on the host operating system.

   tunnel output example

    Password:
    Status:
    machine: minikube
    pid: 39087
    route: 10.96.0.0/12 -> 192.168.64.194
    minikube: Running
    services: [hello-minikube]
        errors:
      minikube: no errors
      router: no errors
      loadbalancer emulator: no errors
    ...
    ...
    ...
    

2. Create a Kubernetes deployment

   kubectl create deployment hello-minikube1 --image=kicbase/echo-server:1.0
   

3. Create a Kubernetes service with type LoadBalancer

   kubectl expose deployment hello-minikube1 --type=LoadBalancer --port=8080
   

4. Check the external IP

   kubectl get svc
   

    $ kc get svc
    NAME              TYPE           CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)          AGE
    hello-minikube1   LoadBalancer   10.96.184.178   10.96.184.178   8080:30791/TCP   40s
    

   Note that without minikube tunnel, Kubernetes will show the external IP as “pending”.

5. Try in your browser

   Open in your browser (ensure there is no proxy set)

   http://REPLACE_WITH_EXTERNAL_IP:8080
   

   Each service will get its own external IP.

DNS resolution (experimental)

If you are on macOS, the tunnel command also allows DNS resolution for Kubernetes services from the host.

NOTE: docker driver doesn’t support DNS resolution

Cleaning up orphaned routes

If the minikube tunnel shuts down in an abrupt manner, it may leave orphaned network routes on your system. If this happens, the ~/.minikube/tunnels.json file will contain an entry for that tunnel. To remove orphaned routes, run:

minikube tunnel --cleanup

NOTE: --cleanup flag’s default value is true.

Avoiding password prompts

Adding a route requires root privileges for the user, and thus there are differences in how to run minikube tunnel depending on the OS. If you want to avoid entering the root password, consider setting NOPASSWD for “ip” and “route” commands:

https://superuser.com/questions/1328452/sudoers-nopasswd-for-single-executable-but-allowing-others

Access to ports <1024 on Windows requires root permission

If you are using Docker driver on Windows, there is a chance that you have an old version of SSH client you might get an error like - Privileged ports can only be forwarded by root. or you might not be able to access the service even after minikube tunnel if the access port is less than 1024 but for ports greater than 1024 works fine.

In order to resolve this, ensure that you are running the latest version of SSH client. You can install the latest version of the SSH client on Windows by running the following in a Command Prompt with an Administrator Privileges (Requires chocolatey package manager)

choco install openssh

The latest version (OpenSSH_for_Windows_7.7p1, LibreSSL 2.6.5) which is available on Windows 10 by default doesn’t work. You can track the issue with this over here - https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/issues/1693